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<section id="subprocesses">
<span id="asyncio-subprocess"></span><h1>子行程<a class="headerlink" href="#subprocesses" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>原始碼：</strong><a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py">Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py</a>、<a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py">Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>This section describes high-level async/await asyncio APIs to
create and manage subprocesses.</p>
<p id="asyncio-example-subprocess-shell">Here's an example of how asyncio can run a shell command and
obtain its result:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">asyncio</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">proc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_subprocess_shell</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PIPE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PIPE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">stdout</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stderr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">communicate</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">'[</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="si">!r}</span><span class="s1"> exited with </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returncode</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">]'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">'[stdout]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">'[stderr]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ls /zzz'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>會印出：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'ls /zzz'</span> <span class="n">exited</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">ls</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">zzz</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">No</span> <span class="n">such</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">directory</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Because all asyncio subprocess functions are asynchronous and asyncio
provides many tools to work with such functions, it is easy to execute
and monitor multiple subprocesses in parallel. It is indeed trivial
to modify the above example to run several commands simultaneously:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ls /zzz'</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'sleep 1; echo "hello"'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>另請參閱<a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a>。</p>
<section id="creating-subprocesses">
<h2>建立子行程<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-subprocesses" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">async</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_exec</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">program</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdin</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdout</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stderr</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">limit</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>建立一個子行程。</p>
<p>The <em>limit</em> argument sets the buffer limit for <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a>
wrappers for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr</span></code></a>
(if <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.PIPE</span></code></a> is passed to <em>stdout</em> and <em>stderr</em> arguments).</p>
<p>回傳一個 <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code></a> 實例。</p>
<p>See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.subprocess_exec()</span></code></a> for other
parameters.</p>
<p>If the process object is garbage collected while the process is still
running, the child process will be killed.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.10 版的變更: </span>移除了 <em>loop</em> 參數。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">async</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_shell</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmd</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdin</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdout</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stderr</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">limit</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>執行 <em>cmd</em> shell 命令。</p>
<p>The <em>limit</em> argument sets the buffer limit for <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a>
wrappers for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr</span></code></a>
(if <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.PIPE</span></code></a> is passed to <em>stdout</em> and <em>stderr</em> arguments).</p>
<p>回傳一個 <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code></a> 實例。</p>
<p>See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.subprocess_shell()</span></code></a> for other
parameters.</p>
<p>If the process object is garbage collected while the process is still
running, the child process will be killed.</p>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">重要</p>
<p>It is the application's responsibility to ensure that all whitespace and
special characters are quoted appropriately to avoid <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_injection#Shell_injection">shell injection</a>
vulnerabilities. The <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#shlex.quote" title="shlex.quote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex.quote()</span></code></a> function can be used to properly
escape whitespace and special shell characters in strings that are going
to be used to construct shell commands.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.10 版的變更: </span>移除了 <em>loop</em> 參數。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">備註</p>
<p>Subprocesses are available for Windows if a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.ProactorEventLoop" title="asyncio.ProactorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProactorEventLoop</span></code></a> is
used. See <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-platforms.html#asyncio-windows-subprocess"><span class="std std-ref">Subprocess Support on Windows</span></a>
for details.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">也參考</p>
<p>asyncio also has the following <em>low-level</em> APIs to work with subprocesses:
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.subprocess_exec()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.loop.subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.subprocess_shell()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.connect_read_pipe" title="asyncio.loop.connect_read_pipe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.connect_read_pipe()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.connect_write_pipe" title="asyncio.loop.connect_write_pipe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.connect_write_pipe()</span></code></a>,
as well as the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-subprocess-transports"><span class="std std-ref">Subprocess Transports</span></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-subprocess-protocols"><span class="std std-ref">Subprocess Protocols</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="constants">
<h2>常數<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.PIPE">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.subprocess.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">PIPE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.PIPE" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be passed to the <em>stdin</em>, <em>stdout</em> or <em>stderr</em> parameters.</p>
<p>If <em>PIPE</em> is passed to <em>stdin</em> argument, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process.stdin</span></code></a> attribute
will point to a <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamWriter" title="asyncio.StreamWriter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></code></a> instance.</p>
<p>If <em>PIPE</em> is passed to <em>stdout</em> or <em>stderr</em> arguments, the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process.stdout</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process.stderr</span></code></a>
attributes will point to <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a> instances.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.subprocess.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STDOUT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.STDOUT" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Special value that can be used as the <em>stderr</em> argument and indicates
that standard error should be redirected into standard output.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.subprocess.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DEVNULL</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Special value that can be used as the <em>stdin</em>, <em>stdout</em> or <em>stderr</em> argument
to process creation functions. It indicates that the special file
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.devnull" title="os.devnull"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.devnull</span></code></a> will be used for the corresponding subprocess stream.</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="interacting-with-subprocesses">
<h2>與子行程互動<a class="headerlink" href="#interacting-with-subprocesses" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h2>
<p>Both <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_exec()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_shell()</span></code></a>
functions return instances of the <em>Process</em> class. <em>Process</em> is a high-level
wrapper that allows communicating with subprocesses and watching for
their completion.</p>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">asyncio.subprocess.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Process</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An object that wraps OS processes created by the
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_exec()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_shell()</span></code></a>
functions.</p>
<p>This class is designed to have a similar API to the
<a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.Popen</span></code></a> class, but there are some
notable differences:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>unlike Popen, Process instances do not have an equivalent to
the <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen.poll" title="subprocess.Popen.poll"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poll()</span></code></a> method;</p></li>
<li><p>the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">communicate()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait()</span></code></a> methods don't have a
<em>timeout</em> parameter: use the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait_for" title="asyncio.wait_for"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait_for()</span></code></a> function;</p></li>
<li><p>the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process.wait()</span></code></a> method
is asynchronous, whereas <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen.wait" title="subprocess.Popen.wait"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.Popen.wait()</span></code></a> method
is implemented as a blocking busy loop;</p></li>
<li><p>the <em>universal_newlines</em> parameter is not supported.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This class is <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-multithreading"><span class="std std-ref">not thread safe</span></a>.</p>
<p>See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio-subprocess-threads"><span class="std std-ref">Subprocess and Threads</span></a>
section.</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">async</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">wait</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.wait" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wait for the child process to terminate.</p>
<p>Set and return the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">returncode</span></code></a> attribute.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">備註</p>
<p>This method can deadlock when using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout=PIPE</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr=PIPE</span></code> and the child process generates so much output
that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept
more data. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">communicate()</span></code></a> method when using pipes
to avoid this condition.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">async</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">communicate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">input</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Interact with process:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>send data to <em>stdin</em> (if <em>input</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>);</p></li>
<li><p>關閉 <em>stdin</em>；</p></li>
<li><p>從 <em>stdout</em> 和 <em>stderr</em> 讀取資料，直到 EOF；</p></li>
<li><p>等待行程終止。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>The optional <em>input</em> argument is the data (<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object)
that will be sent to the child process.</p>
<p>回傳一個 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(stdout_data,</span> <span class="pre">stderr_data)</span></code> 元組。</p>
<p>If either <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#BrokenPipeError" title="BrokenPipeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenPipeError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionResetError" title="ConnectionResetError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConnectionResetError</span></code></a>
exception is raised when writing <em>input</em> into <em>stdin</em>, the
exception is ignored. This condition occurs when the process
exits before all data are written into <em>stdin</em>.</p>
<p>If it is desired to send data to the process' <em>stdin</em>,
the process needs to be created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdin=PIPE</span></code>. Similarly,
to get anything other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> in the result tuple, the
process has to be created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout=PIPE</span></code> and/or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr=PIPE</span></code> arguments.</p>
<p>Note, that the data read is buffered in memory, so do not use
this method if the data size is large or unlimited.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.12 版的變更: </span><em>stdin</em> gets closed when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input=None</span></code> too.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.send_signal">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">send_signal</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">signal</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.send_signal" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sends the signal <em>signal</em> to the child process.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">備註</p>
<p>On Windows, <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIGTERM" title="signal.SIGTERM"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGTERM</span></code></a> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">terminate()</span></code></a>.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CTRL_C_EVENT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CTRL_BREAK_EVENT</span></code> can be sent to processes
started with a <em>creationflags</em> parameter which includes
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">terminate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stop the child process.</p>
<p>On POSIX systems this method sends <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIGTERM" title="signal.SIGTERM"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGTERM</span></code></a> to the
child process.</p>
<p>On Windows the Win32 API function <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TerminateProcess()</span></code> is
called to stop the child process.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.kill">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">kill</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.kill" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Kill the child process.</p>
<p>On POSIX systems this method sends <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIGKILL" title="signal.SIGKILL"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGKILL</span></code></a> to the child
process.</p>
<p>On Windows this method is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.terminate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">terminate()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stdin</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Standard input stream (<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamWriter" title="asyncio.StreamWriter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamWriter</span></code></a>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdin=None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stdout</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Standard output stream (<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout=None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stderr</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Standard error stream (<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a>) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>
if the process was created with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr=None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">警告</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.communicate"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">communicate()</span></code></a> method rather than
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdin"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">process.stdin.write()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stdout"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">process.stdout.read()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process.stderr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span> <span class="pre">process.stderr.read()</span></code></a>.
This avoids deadlocks due to streams pausing reading or writing
and blocking the child process.</p>
</div>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.pid">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pid</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.pid" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Process identification number (PID).</p>
<p>Note that for processes created by the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_shell()</span></code></a>
function, this attribute is the PID of the spawned shell.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">returncode</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process.returncode" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return code of the process when it exits.</p>
<p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> value indicates that the process has not terminated yet.</p>
<p>For processes created with <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_exec()</span></code></a>, a negative
value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-N</span></code> indicates that the child was terminated by signal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code>
(POSIX only).</p>
<p>For processes created with <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_shell" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_shell"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_shell()</span></code></a>, the
return code reflects the exit status of the shell itself (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/sh</span></code>),
which may map signals to codes such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">128+N</span></code>. See the
documentation of the shell (for example, the Bash manual's Exit Status)
for details.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<section id="subprocess-and-threads">
<span id="asyncio-subprocess-threads"></span><h3>子行程與執行緒<a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess-and-threads" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>Standard asyncio event loop supports running subprocesses from different threads by
default.</p>
<p>On Windows subprocesses are provided by <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.ProactorEventLoop" title="asyncio.ProactorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProactorEventLoop</span></code></a> only (default),
<a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.SelectorEventLoop" title="asyncio.SelectorEventLoop"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SelectorEventLoop</span></code></a> has no subprocess support.</p>
<p>Note that alternative event loop implementations might have own limitations;
please refer to their documentation.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">也參考</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-multithreading"><span class="std std-ref">Concurrency and multithreading in asyncio</span></a> section.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h3>範例<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h3>
<p>An example using the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.subprocess.Process" title="asyncio.subprocess.Process"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code></a> class to
control a subprocess and the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader" title="asyncio.StreamReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader</span></code></a> class to read from
its standard output.</p>
<p id="asyncio-example-create-subprocess-exec">The subprocess is created by the <a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio.create_subprocess_exec" title="asyncio.create_subprocess_exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_subprocess_exec()</span></code></a>
function:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">asyncio</span>
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_date</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'import datetime as dt; print(dt.datetime.now())'</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the subprocess; redirect the standard output</span>
<span class="c1"># into a pipe.</span>
<span class="n">proc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_subprocess_exec</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PIPE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Read one line of output.</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ascii'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rstrip</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Wait for the subprocess exit.</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">line</span>
<span class="n">date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">get_date</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"Current date: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See also the <a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio-example-subprocess-proto"><span class="std std-ref">same example</span></a>
written using low-level APIs.</p>
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