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<section id="module-copy">
<span id="copy-shallow-and-deep-copy-operations"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> --- 淺層 (shallow) 和深層 (deep) 複製操作<a class="headerlink" href="#module-copy" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>原始碼：</strong><a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Lib/copy.py">Lib/copy.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Python 的賦值陳述式不複製物件，而是建立目標和物件的繫結 (binding) 關係。對於可變 (mutable) 或包含可變項目 (mutable item) 的集合，有時會需要一份副本來改變特定副本，而不必改變其他副本。本模組提供了通用的淺層複製和深層複製操作（如下所述）。</p>
<p>介面摘要：</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.copy">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">copy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.copy" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>回傳 <em>obj</em> 的淺層複製。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.deepcopy">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">deepcopy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>回傳 <em>obj</em> 的深層複製。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.replace">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">replace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.replace" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new object of the same type as <em>obj</em>, replacing fields with values
from <em>changes</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">在 3.13 版被加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.Error">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.Error" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>引發針對特定模組的錯誤。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p id="shallow-vs-deep-copy">淺層與深層複製的區別僅與複合物件（即包含 list 或類別的實例等其他物件的物件）相關：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>淺層複製</em>建構一個新的複合物件，然後（在儘可能的範圍內）將原始物件中找到的物件的<em>參照</em>插入其中。</p></li>
<li><p><em>深層複製</em>建構一個新的複合物件，然後遞迴地將在原始物件裡找到的物件的<em>副本</em>插入其中。</p></li>
</ul>
<p>深層複製操作通常存在兩個問題，而淺層複製操作並不存在這些問題：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>遞迴物件（直接或間接包含對自身參照的複合物件）可能會導致遞迴迴圈。</p></li>
<li><p>由於深層複製會複製所有內容，因此可能會有過多複製（例如應該在副本之間共享的資料）。</p></li>
</ul>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> 函式用以下方式避免了這些問題：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>保留在目前複製過程中已複製的物件的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memo</span></code> 字典；以及</p></li>
<li><p>允許使用者定義的類別複寫 (override) 複製操作或複製的元件集合。</p></li>
</ul>
<p>該模組不複製模組、方法、堆疊追蹤（stack trace）、堆疊框（stack frame）、檔案、socket、視窗、陣列以及任何類似的型別。它透過不變更原始物件並將其回傳來（淺層或深層地）"複製"函式和類別；這與 <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> 模組處理這類問題的方式是相似的。</p>
<p>字典的淺層複製可以使用 <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.copy" title="dict.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.copy()</span></code></a>，而 list 的淺層複製可以透過賦值整個 list 的切片 (slice) 完成，例如，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copied_list</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">original_list[:]</span></code>。</p>
<p id="index-0">類別可以使用與操作 pickle 相同的介面來控制複製操作，關於這些方法的描述資訊請參考 <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> 模組。實際上，<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> 模組使用的正是從 <a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html#module-copyreg" title="copyreg: Register pickle support functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code></a> 模組中註冊的 pickle 函式。</p>
<p id="index-1">In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can define
special methods <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__copy__" title="object.__copy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__copy__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="object.__deepcopy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__copy__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__copy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__copy__" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Called to implement the shallow copy operation;
no additional arguments are passed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__deepcopy__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>用來實作深層複製操作；它會傳遞一個引數，即 <em>memo</em> 字典。如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></code> 實現需要建立一個元件的深層複製，它應當呼叫 <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> 函式並以該元件作為第一個引數、以該 <em>memo</em> 字典作為第二個引數。<em>memo</em> 字典應當被當作不透明物件 (opaque object) 來處理</p>
</dd></dl>
<p id="index-2">Function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy.replace()</span></code> is more limited
than <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.copy" title="copy.copy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a>,
and only supports named tuples created by <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses.html#module-dataclasses" title="dataclasses: Generate special methods on user-defined classes."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataclasses</span></code></a>, and other classes which define method <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__replace__" title="object.__replace__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__replace__()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__replace__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__replace__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__replace__" title="連結到這個定義">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This method should create a new object of the same type,
replacing fields with values from <em>changes</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">在 3.13 版被加入.</span></p>
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<dt><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> 模組</dt><dd><p>支援物件之狀態檢索 (state retrieval) 和恢復 (restoration) 相關特殊方法的討論。</p>
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