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<section id="full-grammar-specification">
<span id="id1"></span><h1><span class="section-number">10. </span>完整的文法規格書<a class="headerlink" href="#full-grammar-specification" title="連結到這個標頭">¶</a></h1>
<p>這是完整的 Python 文法，是直接從用來產生 CPython 剖析器的文法衍生出來的（請參閱 <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Grammar/python.gram">Grammar/python.gram</a>）。這裡的版本省略了與程式碼產生和錯誤復原相關的細節。</p>
<p>這裡使用的標示法與前面文件相同，並在<a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#notation"><span class="std std-ref">標示法</span></a>部分中進行了說明。除有一個額外的複雜性：</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code>（「切斷」）：提交至目前的替代方案；無法剖析會使規則失敗。</p>
<p>Python 主要使用切斷來進行最佳化或改善錯誤訊息。它們在下面的列表中常看起來沒用。</p>
<p>切斷目前不會出現在括號、方括號、預查和類似的地方。它們在這些情境中的行為是故意未指定的。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-peg notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c c-Singleline"># Python 的 PEG 文法</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ========================= 文法的開始 =========================</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 通用文法結構與規則</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># * 雙引號（"）字串表示軟關鍵字 (SOFT KEYWORDS)</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># * 單引號（'）字串表示關鍵字 (KEYWORDS)</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># * 大寫名稱 (NAME) 表示 Grammar/Tokens 檔案中的語彙符號 (token)</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># * 以 "invalid_" 開頭的規則名稱用於專門的語法錯誤</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 這些規則不會在剖析器的第一遍剖析中使用。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 只有當第一遍剖析失敗時，才會執行包含無效規則的第二遍。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 如果剖析器在第二階段因泛用語法錯誤而失敗，</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 則會使用第一遍泛用失敗的位置（這可避免因無效規則</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 而報告錯誤的位置）。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 涉及無效規則的替代方案的順序很重要</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># （就像 PEG 中的任何規則一樣）。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 文法語法（更多資訊請參閱 PEP 617）：</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># rule_name: expression</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 在規則名稱後面可以選擇性地包含型別，用來指定對應此規則的</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># C 或 Python 函式的回傳型別：</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># rule_name[return_type]: expression</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 如果省略回傳型別，則在 C 中回傳 void *，並在 Python 中回傳 Any。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># e1 e2</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配 e1，然後匹配 e2。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># e1 | e2</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配 e1 或 e2。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 為了格式化目的，第一個替代選項也可以出現在規則名稱後的下一行。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 在這種情況下，必須在第一個替代選項之前使用 |，如下所示：</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># rule_name[return_type]:</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># | first_alt</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># | second_alt</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ( e )</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配 e（也允許在群組中使用其他運算子，如 '(e)*'）</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># [ e ] or e?</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 可選地匹配 e。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># e*</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配零個或多個 e。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># e+</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配一個或多個 e。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># s.e+</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 匹配一個或多個 e，以 s 分隔。產生的剖析樹不包含分隔符號。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 這在其他方面與 (e (s e)*) 相同。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># &e</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 如果可以剖析 e 則成功，但不消耗任何輸入。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># !e</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 如果可以剖析 e 則失敗，但不消耗任何輸入。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ~</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 提交到目前的替代選項，即使剖析失敗。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># &&e</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 急切剖析 e。如果無法剖析 e，剖析器將不會回溯 (backtrack)，並會立即</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 引發 SyntaxError 失敗。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 起始規則</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># =======</span>
<span class="nf">file</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">statements</span><span class="p">]</span> ENDMARKER
<span class="nf">interactive</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">statement_newline</span>
<span class="nf">eval</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">expressions</span> NEWLINE<span class="o">*</span> ENDMARKER
<span class="nf">func_type</span><span class="p">:</span> '(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_expressions</span><span class="p">]</span> ')' '->' <span class="nf">expression</span> NEWLINE<span class="o">*</span> ENDMARKER
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 一般陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># =========</span>
<span class="nf">statements</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">statement</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">statement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">compound_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">simple_stmts</span>
<span class="nf">single_compound_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">compound_stmt</span>
<span class="nf">statement_newline</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">single_compound_stmt</span> NEWLINE
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">simple_stmts</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NEWLINE
<span class="o">|</span> ENDMARKER
<span class="nf">simple_stmts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">simple_stmt</span> !';' NEWLINE <span class="c c-Singleline"># Not needed, there for speedup</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ';'<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">simple_stmt</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>';'<span class="p">]</span> NEWLINE
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 註：賦值必須在運算式之前，否則剖析簡單賦值時會引發 SyntaxError。</span>
<span class="nf">simple_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">assignment</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">type_alias</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_expressions</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">return_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">import_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">raise_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">pass_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">del_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">yield_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">assert_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">break_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">continue_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">global_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">nonlocal_stmt</span>
<span class="nf">compound_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">function_def</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">if_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">class_def</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">with_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">for_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">try_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">while_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">match_stmt</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 簡單陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># =========</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 註：annotated_rhs 可以用 'yield' 開頭；yield_expr 必須以 'yield' 開頭</span>
<span class="nf">assignment</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME ':' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span>'=' <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span>'(' <span class="nf">single_target</span> ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">single_subscript_attribute_target</span><span class="p">)</span> ':' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span>'=' <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">star_targets</span> '=' <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> !'=' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">single_target</span> <span class="nf">augassign</span> ~ <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span>
<span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">yield_expr</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_expressions</span>
<span class="nf">augassign</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '+='
<span class="o">|</span> '-='
<span class="o">|</span> '*='
<span class="o">|</span> '@='
<span class="o">|</span> '/='
<span class="o">|</span> '%='
<span class="o">|</span> '&='
<span class="o">|</span> '|='
<span class="o">|</span> '^='
<span class="o">|</span> '<<='
<span class="o">|</span> '>>='
<span class="o">|</span> '**='
<span class="o">|</span> '//='
<span class="nf">return_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'return'</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_expressions</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">raise_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'raise'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">'from'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'raise'</span>
<span class="nf">pass_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'pass'</span>
<span class="nf">break_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'break'</span>
<span class="nf">continue_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'continue'</span>
<span class="nf">global_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'global'</span> ','<span class="o">.</span>NAME<span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">nonlocal_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'nonlocal'</span> ','<span class="o">.</span>NAME<span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">del_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'del'</span> <span class="nf">del_targets</span> &<span class="p">(</span>';' <span class="o">|</span> NEWLINE<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">yield_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">yield_expr</span>
<span class="nf">assert_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'assert'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span>',' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">import_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">import_name</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">import_from</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Import 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ------------</span>
<span class="nf">import_name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'import'</span> <span class="nf">dotted_as_names</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 注意以下部分：('.' | '...') 是必須的，因為 '...' 是被 tokenize 為 ELLIPSIS</span>
<span class="nf">import_from</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'from'</span> <span class="p">(</span>'.' <span class="o">|</span> '...'<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">dotted_name</span> <span class="k">'import'</span> <span class="nf">import_from_targets</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'from'</span> <span class="p">(</span>'.' <span class="o">|</span> '...'<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="k">'import'</span> <span class="nf">import_from_targets</span>
<span class="nf">import_from_targets</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="nf">import_from_as_names</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span> ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">import_from_as_names</span> !','
<span class="o">|</span> '*'
<span class="nf">import_from_as_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">import_from_as_name</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">import_from_as_name</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">'as'</span> NAME <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">dotted_as_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">dotted_as_name</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">dotted_as_name</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">dotted_name</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">'as'</span> NAME <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">dotted_name</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">dotted_name</span> '.' NAME
<span class="o">|</span> NAME
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 複合陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ========</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 共用元素</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -------</span>
<span class="nf">block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NEWLINE INDENT <span class="nf">statements</span> DEDENT
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">simple_stmts</span>
<span class="nf">decorators</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span>'@' <span class="nf">named_expression</span> NEWLINE <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 類別定義</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -------</span>
<span class="nf">class_def</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">decorators</span> <span class="nf">class_def_raw</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">class_def_raw</span>
<span class="nf">class_def_raw</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'class'</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_params</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span>'(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">arguments</span><span class="p">]</span> ')' <span class="p">]</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 函式定義</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -------</span>
<span class="nf">function_def</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">decorators</span> <span class="nf">function_def_raw</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">function_def_raw</span>
<span class="nf">function_def_raw</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'def'</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_params</span><span class="p">]</span> '(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">params</span><span class="p">]</span> ')' <span class="p">[</span>'->' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">func_type_comment</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'async'</span> <span class="k">'def'</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_params</span><span class="p">]</span> '(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">params</span><span class="p">]</span> ')' <span class="p">[</span>'->' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">func_type_comment</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 函式參數</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -------</span>
<span class="nf">params</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">parameters</span>
<span class="nf">parameters</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">slash_no_default</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">slash_with_default</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_etc</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 這裡有些重複，因為我們不能寫 (',' | &')')，</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 這是因為我們（尚）不支援空替代方案。</span>
<span class="nf">slash_no_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' &')'
<span class="nf">slash_with_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' &')'
<span class="nf">star_etc</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">param_no_default</span> <span class="nf">param_maybe_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">kwds</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">param_no_default_star_annotation</span> <span class="nf">param_maybe_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">kwds</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' ',' <span class="nf">param_maybe_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">kwds</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">kwds</span>
<span class="nf">kwds</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '**' <span class="nf">param_no_default</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 一個參數。這 *包含* 後面的逗號和型別註解。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 有三種風格：</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 沒有預設值</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 有預設值</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 可能有預設值</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 每種都有兩種替代形式，用以處理型別註解：</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 以逗號結尾，後面接可選的型別註解</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># - 沒有逗號，可選的型別註解，後面必須接右括號</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 後者是用於沒有尾隨逗號的最後一個參數。</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="nf">param_no_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> ',' TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span> &')'
<span class="nf">param_no_default_star_annotation</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_star_annotation</span> ',' TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param_star_annotation</span> TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span> &')'
<span class="nf">param_with_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> <span class="nf">default</span> ',' TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> <span class="nf">default</span> TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span> &')'
<span class="nf">param_maybe_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="o">?</span> ',' TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">param</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="o">?</span> TYPE_COMMENT<span class="o">?</span> &')'
<span class="nf">param</span><span class="p">:</span> NAME <span class="nf">annotation</span><span class="o">?</span>
<span class="nf">param_star_annotation</span><span class="p">:</span> NAME <span class="nf">star_annotation</span>
<span class="nf">annotation</span><span class="p">:</span> ':' <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">star_annotation</span><span class="p">:</span> ':' <span class="nf">star_expression</span>
<span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">:</span> '=' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">invalid_default</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># If 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># --------</span>
<span class="nf">if_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'if'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="nf">elif_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'if'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">elif_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'elif'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="nf">elif_stmt</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'elif'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'else'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># While 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -----------</span>
<span class="nf">while_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'while'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># For 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ---------</span>
<span class="nf">for_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'for'</span> <span class="nf">star_targets</span> <span class="k">'in'</span> ~ <span class="nf">star_expressions</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'async'</span> <span class="k">'for'</span> <span class="nf">star_targets</span> <span class="k">'in'</span> ~ <span class="nf">star_expressions</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># With 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ----------</span>
<span class="nf">with_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'with'</span> '(' ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">with_item</span><span class="o">+</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> ')' ':' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'with'</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">with_item</span><span class="o">+</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'async'</span> <span class="k">'with'</span> '(' ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">with_item</span><span class="o">+</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> ')' ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'async'</span> <span class="k">'with'</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">with_item</span><span class="o">+</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span>TYPE_COMMENT<span class="p">]</span> <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="nf">with_item</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="k">'as'</span> <span class="nf">star_target</span> &<span class="p">(</span>',' <span class="o">|</span> ')' <span class="o">|</span> ':'<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Try 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ---------</span>
<span class="nf">try_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'try'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="nf">finally_block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'try'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="nf">except_block</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">finally_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'try'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span> <span class="nf">except_star_block</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">else_block</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">finally_block</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Except 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ------------</span>
<span class="nf">except_block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="k">'as'</span> NAME ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> <span class="nf">expressions</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="nf">except_star_block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> '*' <span class="nf">expression</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> '*' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="k">'as'</span> NAME ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'except'</span> '*' <span class="nf">expressions</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="nf">finally_block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'finally'</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Match 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -----------</span>
<span class="nf">match_stmt</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">"match"</span> <span class="nf">subject_expr</span> ':' NEWLINE INDENT <span class="nf">case_block</span><span class="o">+</span> DEDENT
<span class="nf">subject_expr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_named_expression</span> ',' <span class="nf">star_named_expressions</span><span class="o">?</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span>
<span class="nf">case_block</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">"case"</span> <span class="nf">patterns</span> <span class="nf">guard</span><span class="o">?</span> ':' <span class="nf">block</span>
<span class="nf">guard</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'if'</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span>
<span class="nf">patterns</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">open_sequence_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">pattern</span>
<span class="nf">pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">as_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">or_pattern</span>
<span class="nf">as_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">or_pattern</span> <span class="k">'as'</span> <span class="nf">pattern_capture_target</span>
<span class="nf">or_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '|'<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">closed_pattern</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">closed_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">literal_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">capture_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">wildcard_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">value_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">group_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">sequence_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">mapping_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">class_pattern</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 字面值模式被用於相等性和識別字限制</span>
<span class="nf">literal_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">signed_number</span> !<span class="p">(</span>'+' <span class="o">|</span> '-'<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">complex_number</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">strings</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'None'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'True'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'False'</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 字面值運算式被用於限制允許的對映模式鍵</span>
<span class="nf">literal_expr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">signed_number</span> !<span class="p">(</span>'+' <span class="o">|</span> '-'<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">complex_number</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">strings</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'None'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'True'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'False'</span>
<span class="nf">complex_number</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">signed_real_number</span> '+' <span class="nf">imaginary_number</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">signed_real_number</span> '-' <span class="nf">imaginary_number</span>
<span class="nf">signed_number</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NUMBER
<span class="o">|</span> '-' NUMBER
<span class="nf">signed_real_number</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">real_number</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '-' <span class="nf">real_number</span>
<span class="nf">real_number</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NUMBER
<span class="nf">imaginary_number</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NUMBER
<span class="nf">capture_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">pattern_capture_target</span>
<span class="nf">pattern_capture_target</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> !<span class="k">"_"</span> NAME !<span class="p">(</span>'.' <span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="o">|</span> '='<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">wildcard_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">"_"</span>
<span class="nf">value_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">attr</span> !<span class="p">(</span>'.' <span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="o">|</span> '='<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">attr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">name_or_attr</span> '.' NAME
<span class="nf">name_or_attr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">attr</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME
<span class="nf">group_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="nf">pattern</span> ')'
<span class="nf">sequence_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '[' <span class="nf">maybe_sequence_pattern</span><span class="o">?</span> ']'
<span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="nf">open_sequence_pattern</span><span class="o">?</span> ')'
<span class="nf">open_sequence_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">maybe_star_pattern</span> ',' <span class="nf">maybe_sequence_pattern</span><span class="o">?</span>
<span class="nf">maybe_sequence_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">maybe_star_pattern</span><span class="o">+</span> ','<span class="o">?</span>
<span class="nf">maybe_star_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_pattern</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">pattern</span>
<span class="nf">star_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">pattern_capture_target</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">wildcard_pattern</span>
<span class="nf">mapping_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '{' '}'
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">double_star_pattern</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> '}'
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">items_pattern</span> ',' <span class="nf">double_star_pattern</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> '}'
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">items_pattern</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> '}'
<span class="nf">items_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">key_value_pattern</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">key_value_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">literal_expr</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> ':' <span class="nf">pattern</span>
<span class="nf">double_star_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '**' <span class="nf">pattern_capture_target</span>
<span class="nf">class_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">name_or_attr</span> '(' ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">name_or_attr</span> '(' <span class="nf">positional_patterns</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">name_or_attr</span> '(' <span class="nf">keyword_patterns</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">name_or_attr</span> '(' <span class="nf">positional_patterns</span> ',' <span class="nf">keyword_patterns</span> ','<span class="o">?</span> ')'
<span class="nf">positional_patterns</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">pattern</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">keyword_patterns</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">keyword_pattern</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">keyword_pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME '=' <span class="nf">pattern</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Type 陳述式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ----------</span>
<span class="nf">type_alias</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">"type"</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_params</span><span class="p">]</span> '=' <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Type 參數宣告</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ------------</span>
<span class="nf">type_params</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '[' <span class="nf">type_param_seq</span> ']'
<span class="nf">type_param_seq</span><span class="p">:</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">type_param</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">type_param</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_param_bound</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_param_default</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_param_starred_default</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '**' NAME <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">type_param_default</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">type_param_bound</span><span class="p">:</span> ':' <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">type_param_default</span><span class="p">:</span> '=' <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">type_param_starred_default</span><span class="p">:</span> '=' <span class="nf">star_expression</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 運算式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -----</span>
<span class="nf">expressions</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">(</span>',' <span class="nf">expression</span> <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">disjunction</span> <span class="k">'if'</span> <span class="nf">disjunction</span> <span class="k">'else'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">disjunction</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambdef</span>
<span class="nf">yield_expr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'yield'</span> <span class="k">'from'</span> <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'yield'</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_expressions</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">star_expressions</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_expression</span> <span class="p">(</span>',' <span class="nf">star_expression</span> <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_expression</span> ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">star_expression</span>
<span class="nf">star_expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">star_named_expressions</span><span class="p">:</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">star_named_expression</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">star_named_expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span>
<span class="nf">assignment_expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME ':=' ~ <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">named_expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">assignment_expression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">expression</span> !':='
<span class="nf">disjunction</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">conjunction</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">'or'</span> <span class="nf">conjunction</span> <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">conjunction</span>
<span class="nf">conjunction</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">inversion</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">'and'</span> <span class="nf">inversion</span> <span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">inversion</span>
<span class="nf">inversion</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'not'</span> <span class="nf">inversion</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">comparison</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 比較運算子</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># --------</span>
<span class="nf">comparison</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span> <span class="nf">compare_op_bitwise_or_pair</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">compare_op_bitwise_or_pair</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">eq_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">noteq_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lte_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lt_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">gte_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">gt_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">notin_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">in_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">isnot_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">is_bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">eq_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> '==' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">noteq_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span>'!=' <span class="p">)</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">lte_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> '<=' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">lt_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> '<' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">gte_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> '>=' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">gt_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> '>' <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">notin_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'not'</span> <span class="k">'in'</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">in_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'in'</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">isnot_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'is'</span> <span class="k">'not'</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="nf">is_bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">'is'</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 位元運算子</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># --------</span>
<span class="nf">bitwise_or</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_or</span> '|' <span class="nf">bitwise_xor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_xor</span>
<span class="nf">bitwise_xor</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_xor</span> '^' <span class="nf">bitwise_and</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_and</span>
<span class="nf">bitwise_and</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">bitwise_and</span> '&' <span class="nf">shift_expr</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">shift_expr</span>
<span class="nf">shift_expr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">shift_expr</span> '<<' <span class="nf">sum</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">shift_expr</span> '>>' <span class="nf">sum</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">sum</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 算術運算子</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># --------</span>
<span class="nf">sum</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">sum</span> '+' <span class="nf">term</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">sum</span> '-' <span class="nf">term</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span>
<span class="nf">term</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span> '*' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span> '/' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span> '//' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span> '%' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">term</span> '@' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="nf">factor</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '+' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '-' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '~' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">power</span>
<span class="nf">power</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">await_primary</span> '**' <span class="nf">factor</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">await_primary</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 主要元素</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># -------</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 主要元素是像 "obj.something.something", "obj[something]", "obj(something)", "obj" ... 這樣的東西</span>
<span class="nf">await_primary</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'await'</span> <span class="nf">primary</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">primary</span>
<span class="nf">primary</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">primary</span> '.' NAME
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">primary</span> <span class="nf">genexp</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">primary</span> '(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">arguments</span><span class="p">]</span> ')'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">primary</span> '[' <span class="nf">slices</span> ']'
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">atom</span>
<span class="nf">slices</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">slice</span> !','
<span class="o">|</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">slice</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">starred_expression</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">slice</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">expression</span><span class="p">]</span> ':' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">expression</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span>':' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">expression</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span>
<span class="nf">atom</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NAME
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'True'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'False'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'None'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">strings</span>
<span class="o">|</span> NUMBER
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">tuple</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">group</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">genexp</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">list</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">listcomp</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">dict</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">set</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">dictcomp</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">setcomp</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '...'
<span class="nf">group</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">yield_expr</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">named_expression</span><span class="p">)</span> ')'
<span class="c c-Singleline"># Lambda 函式</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ----------</span>
<span class="nf">lambdef</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">'lambda'</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_params</span><span class="p">]</span> ':' <span class="nf">expression</span>
<span class="nf">lambda_params</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_parameters</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># lambda_parameters 等複製了參數但沒有註釋</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 或型別註解，而且如果參數後面沒有逗號，我們預期會有</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 冒號，而不是右括號。（更多資訊請參見上面的參數部分。）</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline">#</span>
<span class="nf">lambda_parameters</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_slash_no_default</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_slash_with_default</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span>
<span class="nf">lambda_slash_no_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' &':'
<span class="nf">lambda_slash_with_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="o">+</span> '/' &':'
<span class="nf">lambda_star_etc</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param_maybe_default</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_kwds</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '*' ',' <span class="nf">lambda_param_maybe_default</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">lambda_kwds</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_kwds</span>
<span class="nf">lambda_kwds</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '**' <span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span>
<span class="nf">lambda_param_no_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> &':'
<span class="nf">lambda_param_with_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> <span class="nf">default</span> ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> <span class="nf">default</span> &':'
<span class="nf">lambda_param_maybe_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="o">?</span> ','
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">lambda_param</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="o">?</span> &':'
<span class="nf">lambda_param</span><span class="p">:</span> NAME
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 字面值</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># =====</span>
<span class="nf">fstring_middle</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">fstring_replacement_field</span>
<span class="o">|</span> FSTRING_MIDDLE
<span class="nf">fstring_replacement_field</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> '='<span class="o">?</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">fstring_conversion</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">fstring_full_format_spec</span><span class="p">]</span> '}'
<span class="nf">fstring_conversion</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> "!" NAME
<span class="nf">fstring_full_format_spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ':' <span class="nf">fstring_format_spec</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="nf">fstring_format_spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> FSTRING_MIDDLE
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">fstring_replacement_field</span>
<span class="nf">fstring</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> FSTRING_START <span class="nf">fstring_middle</span><span class="o">*</span> FSTRING_END
<span class="nf">tstring_format_spec_replacement_field</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> '='<span class="o">?</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">fstring_conversion</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">tstring_full_format_spec</span><span class="p">]</span> '}'
<span class="nf">tstring_format_spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> TSTRING_MIDDLE
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">tstring_format_spec_replacement_field</span>
<span class="nf">tstring_full_format_spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> ':' <span class="nf">tstring_format_spec</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="nf">tstring_replacement_field</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="nf">annotated_rhs</span> '='<span class="o">?</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">fstring_conversion</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">tstring_full_format_spec</span><span class="p">]</span> '}'
<span class="nf">tstring_middle</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">tstring_replacement_field</span>
<span class="o">|</span> TSTRING_MIDDLE
<span class="nf">tstring</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> TSTRING_START <span class="nf">tstring_middle</span><span class="o">*</span> TSTRING_END
<span class="nf">string</span><span class="p">:</span> STRING
<span class="nf">strings</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">fstring</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nf">string</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="nf">tstring</span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="nf">list</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '[' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_named_expressions</span><span class="p">]</span> ']'
<span class="nf">tuple</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '(' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_named_expression</span> ',' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">star_named_expressions</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span> ')'
<span class="nf">set</span><span class="p">:</span> '{' <span class="nf">star_named_expressions</span> '}'
<span class="c c-Singleline"># 字典</span>
<span class="c c-Singleline"># ----</span>
<span class="nf">dict</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">|</span> '{' <span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">double_starred_kvpairs</span><span class="p">]</span> '}'
<span class="nf">double_starred_kvpairs</span><span class="p">:</span> ','<span class="o">.</span><span class="nf">double_starred_kvpair</span><span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span>','<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="nf">double_starred_kvpair</span><span class="p">:</span>