10 Modules [module]

10.4 Global module fragment [module.global.frag]

global-module-fragment:
	module-keyword ; declaration-seq $_{o p t}$

[ Note

Prior to phase 4 of translation, only preprocessing directives can appear in the declaration-seq ([cpp.pre]).

— end note

]

A global-module-fragment specifies the contents of the global module fragment for a module unit.

The global module fragment can be used to provide declarations that are attached to the global module and usable within the module unit.

A declaration D is decl-reachable from a declaration S in the same translation unit if:

(3.1)
D does not declare a function or function template and S contains an id-expression, namespace-name, type-name, template-name, or concept-name naming D, or
(3.2)
D declares a function or function template that is named by an expression ([basic.def.odr]) appearing in S, or
(3.3)
S contains an expression E of the form
```
postfix-expression ( expression-list $_{o p t}$  )
```
whose postfix-expression denotes a dependent name, or for an operator expression whose operator denotes a dependent name, and D is found by name lookup for the corresponding name in an expression synthesized from E by replacing each type-dependent argument or operand with a value of a placeholder type with no associated namespaces or entities, or
(3.4)
S contains an expression that takes the address of an overloaded function ([over.over]) whose set of overloads contains D and for which the target type is dependent, or
(3.5)
there exists a declaration M that is not a namespace-definition for which M is decl-reachable from S and either
- (3.5.1)
  D is decl-reachable from M, or
- (3.5.2)
  D redeclares the entity declared by M or M redeclares the entity declared by D, and D is neither a friend declaration nor a block-scope declaration, or
- (3.5.3)
  D declares a namespace N and M is a member of N, or
- (3.5.4)
  one of M and D declares a class or class template C and the other declares a member or friend of C, or
- (3.5.5)
  one of D and M declares an enumeration E and the other declares an enumerator of E, or
- (3.5.6)
  D declares a function or variable and M is declared in D,99 or
- (3.5.7)
  one of M and D declares a template and the other declares a partial or explicit specialization or an implicit or explicit instantiation of that template, or
- (3.5.8)
  one of M and D declares a class or enumeration type and the other introduces a typedef name for linkage purposes for that type.

In this determination, it is unspecified

(3.6)
whether a reference to an alias-declaration, typedef declaration, using-declaration, or namespace-alias-declaration is replaced by the declarations they name prior to this determination,
(3.7)
whether a simple-template-id that does not denote a dependent type and whose template-name names an alias template is replaced by its denoted type prior to this determination,
(3.8)
whether a decltype-specifier that does not denote a dependent type is replaced by its denoted type prior to this determination, and
(3.9)
whether a non-value-dependent constant expression is replaced by the result of constant evaluation prior to this determination.

A declaration D in a global module fragment of a module unit is discarded if D is not decl-reachable from any declaration in the declaration-seq of the translation-unit .

[ Note

A discarded declaration is neither reachable nor visible to name lookup outside the module unit, nor in template instantiations whose points of instantiation ([temp.point]) are outside the module unit, even when the instantiation context ([module.context]) includes the module unit.

— end note

]

[ Example

const int size = 2;
int ary1[size];                 // unspecified whether size is decl-reachable from ary1
constexpr int identity(int x) { return x; }
int ary2[identity(2)];          // unspecified whether identity is decl-reachable from ary2

template<typename> struct S;
template<typename, int> struct S2;
constexpr int g(int);

template<typename T, int N>
S<S2<T, g(N)>> f();             // S, S2, g, and :: are decl-reachable from f

template<int N>
void h() noexcept(g(N) == N);   // g and :: are decl-reachable from h

— end example

]

[ Example

Source file "foo.h":

namespace N {
  struct X {};
  int d();
  int e();
  inline int f(X, int = d()) { return e(); }
  int g(X);
  int h(X);
}

Module M interface:

module;
#include "foo.h"
export module M;
template<typename T> int use_f() {
  N::X x;                       // N::X, N, and :: are decl-reachable from use_f
  return f(x, 123);             // N::f is decl-reachable from use_f,
                                // N::e is indirectly decl-reachable from use_f
                                //   because it is decl-reachable from N::f, and
                                // N::d is decl-reachable from use_f
                                //   because it is decl-reachable from N::f
                                //   even though it is not used in this call
}
template<typename T> int use_g() {
  N::X x;                       // N::X, N, and :: are decl-reachable from use_g
  return g((T(), x));           // N::g is not decl-reachable from use_g
}
template<typename T> int use_h() {
  N::X x;                       // N::X, N, and :: are decl-reachable from use_h
  return h((T(), x));           // N::h is not decl-reachable from use_h, but
                                // N::h is decl-reachable from use_h<int>
}
int k = use_h<int>();
  // use_h<int> is decl-reachable from k, so
  // N::h is decl-reachable from k

Module M implementation:

module M;
int a = use_f<int>();           // OK
int b = use_g<int>();           // error: no viable function for call to g;
                                // g is not decl-reachable from purview of
                                // module M's interface, so is discarded
int c = use_h<int>();           // OK

— end example

]

99)

A declaration can appear within a lambda-expression in the initializer of a variable.

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