Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial
Computer architecture defines how a computer’s components communicate through electronic signals to perform input, processing, and output operations.
- It covers the design and organization of the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices.
- Describes how these components interact through buses, control signals, and data pathways.
- It directly influences the overall speed, functionality, and reliability of a computer system.
Basic Computer Structure
This section introduces the fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture, explaining system components, design issues, and different architectural models.
- What is Computer?
- Issues in Computer Design
- Von Neumann Architecture
- Harvard Architecture
- Flynn's Taxonomy
Number System and Data Representation
Covers how data, numbers, and characters are represented inside a computer, along with techniques to ensure accuracy and reliability in storage and communication.
Fixed & Floating-Point Formats
Representing numbers in digital systems using fixed-point and floating-point formats for precision and range.
Digital Logic & Circuits
Designing digital systems using logic gates, Boolean algebra, and combinational/sequential circuits.
Register Transfer & Micro-Operations
Managing data movement and operations in registers using bus/memory transfers, arithmetic, and shift micro-operations.
- Register Transfer Language
- Data Transfers (Bus/Memory)
- Arithmetic Micro-Operations
- Shift Micro-Operations
- Microoperations
- Hardwired vs. Microprogrammed Control Unit
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Defining the set of instructions, formats, and addressing modes for processor communication.
Instruction Cycle & Control Flow
Executing instructions through the fetch-decode-execute cycle, timing, and control in RISC/CISC architectures.
Computer Arithmetic
Explore all the concepts of computer arithmetic, including ALU operations, number complements, division algorithms, Booth’s method, overflow handling, and negative number representation.
- ALU and Data Path
- Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
- Restoring Division Algorithm
- Non-Restoring Division
- Booth’s Algorithm
- Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
- Negative Number Representation in Memory
Memory Organization
This section explains memory organization, covering types of memory, storage hierarchy, addressing methods, virtual memory techniques, and key architectural differences.
- Memory & Memory Units
- Main Memory
- Secondary Storage
- Cache Memory
- Paging
- Segmentation
- Virtual Memory
- Page Replacement Algorithms
- Translation Lookaside Buffer
- NUMA vs UMA Architectures
- Memory Interleaving
- Byte Addressable & Word Addressable Memory
- Simultaneous vs Hierarchical Access Memory
Input/Output Organization
This section covers input/output organization, including interfaces, interrupts, DMA, peripheral devices, synchronization methods, bus systems, and processor communication.
- Introduction to I/O Interface
- I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
- Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
- Interrupts
- DMA
- Modes of DMA Transfer
- DMA controller 8257/8237
- Programmable peripheral interface 8255
- Asynchronous & Synchronous I/O Synchronization
- Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s complement of a number
- Microcomputer system
- Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
- Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
- Synchronous Data Transfer
- Input-Output Processor
- Bus Systems
- MPU Communication
- BUS Arbitration
Pipelining & Parallel Processing
This section explains pipelining and parallel processing, covering ILP, execution stages, hazards, VLIW, branch prediction, and Amdahl’s law.
- Pipelining Concepts
- Instruction Level Parallelism
- Execution, Stages and Throughput
- Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture
- Types and Stalling
- Dependencies and Data Hazard
- Branch Prediction in Pentium
- Amdahl's law and its Proof
