feat: add dynamic parameter type extensions

[calebdw]

Closes phpstan/phpstan#11707, closes phpstan/phpstan#12585

Supersedes #3828, supersedes #3131, supersedes #3823

Hello!

This adds generalized dynamic parameter type extensions and deprecates the parameter closure type extensions per phpstan/phpstan#11707 (comment).

This also fixes the return.type and the argument.type errors described in phpstan/phpstan#12585 when the parameter type is overridden via the extension.

Note

The original type from the closure type extensions was being passed around as $passedToType to the methods that needed it. However, with the new extensions the type must be passed around more, instead of adding parameter types to all the methods, I opted to add it to the ExpressionContext object that was already being passed around (given that this is context and whatnot) as overriddenType since I wasn't quite sure what $passedToType really meant. Let me know if there's something you'd rather do differently.

CC: @canvural, @Neol3108

Thanks!

[phpstan-bot]

This pull request has been marked as ready for review.

[canvural]

I tested it by porting my previous implementation for Larastan to this one, and looks like it works fine! Will try to implement more use cases and see if I can find any bugs. Also will try to test it on real projects.But so far so good. Thanks for this!

I'll also try to review this PR (though Ondrej would do a better job 😄 )